Parents often say “You’re so smart” with the best intentions. But noticing effort and strategy may better support children when learning becomes difficult. This episode explores how small shifts in praise can shape how children approach challenges.

This episode draws in part on research in:

• Deliberate practice and expertise development (Ericsson)

• Self-efficacy and mastery experiences (Bandura)

• Praise, motivation, and implicit theories of ability (Dweck)

• Feedback and visible learning (Hattie & Timperley)

• Achievement goal theory and persistence (Ames, Elliot)