Deep Dive into The Moody Handbook of Theology, Revised and Expanded by Paul Enns - Conservative Theology

Conservative theology primarily encompasses evangelicalism and fundamentalism, two movements that oppose liberal Christianity and uphold historic Christian doctrines. Evangelicalism developed historically through several stages, ultimately affirming core beliefs such as the absolute inerrancy of Scripture, the triune nature of God, human depravity, and Christ's substitutionary atonement, bodily resurrection, and physical return. Furthermore, evangelicals strongly emphasize salvation by grace through faith and the vital necessity of sharing the gospel message worldwide.

Fundamentalism emerged in the early twentieth century as a militantly anti-modernist movement dedicated to defending the five fundamentals of the faith: Christ's miracles, virgin birth, substitutionary atonement, bodily resurrection, and the inspiration of Scripture. Early fundamentalists actively rejected evolution and higher biblical criticism while demanding strict separation from secular worldliness and theological liberals. Over time, however, the fundamentalist movement became increasingly known for a harsh, reactionary spirit, which ultimately prompted new theological divisions.

In response to fundamentalism's perceived negativity, anti-intellectualism, and lack of social engagement, neo-evangelicalism was formed in the mid-twentieth century. Leaders like Carl F. H. Henry and Billy Graham sought to apply biblical ethics to widespread social issues while maintaining orthodox theology. Neo-evangelicals also criticized strict separatism and demonstrated greater openness to engaging with modern science and historical-critical methods regarding Scripture, leading to more diverse views on biblical inerrancy and the origins of the universe.

Conversely, neo-fundamentalism developed by emphasizing the doctrine of secondary separation, which involved strictly disassociating even from fellow conservatives who engaged with theological liberals. This specific faction strongly opposed secular humanism but often drifted toward anti-intellectualism, legalistic behavior, and ecclesiastical divisiveness. Despite these varied internal fractures and differing methodologies, conservative theology as a whole has successfully maintained historic Christian doctrines while fostering significant growth in global missions, Christian higher education, and widespread public evangelism.

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