The provided texts discuss Noam Chomsky's foundational contributions to linguistics, particularly his theories of Universal Grammar (UG) and the Minimalist Program. UG posits an innate, biological capacity for language in humans, suggesting a common underlying structure across all languages, despite superficial variations. This concept is often supported by the "poverty of the stimulus" argument, which highlights children's ability to acquire complex language with limited input. The Minimalist Program, a later development, seeks to simplify grammatical theory by identifying conceptually necessary aspects of language, such as the fundamental operation of Merge for combining linguistic elements. While widely influential, Chomsky's theories, especially UG, face criticisms regarding their testability, evolutionary viability, and the consistency of their definition, sparking ongoing debates in the field.

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