In this Threat & Theory Short, we break down the complex steps that led the United States and Israel to launch coordinated military strikes on Iran — a conflict that has reshaped the Middle East and global geopolitics. We trace the timeline from years of mounting tensions over Tehran’s nuclear program and regional influence, through failed negotiations in Geneva, to a massive military buildup in the Gulf. Along the way, we explore how diplomatic talks faltered, how past conflicts and sanctions set the stage, and what key decisions pushed two powerful allies toward open conflict with Tehran. This isn’t just about missiles — it’s about miscalculations, political pressure, and the fragile nature of peacemaking when war seems inevitable.

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