CyberCode Academy

Course 27 - Hacking Web Applications, Penetration Testing, CTF | Episode 16: Web Technology Foundations: Protocols, Structure, and Scripting

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In this lesson, you’ll learn about:
  • Core web technologies and protocols, and how they directly impact web application security and penetration testing methodologies.
  • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) fundamentals, including:
    • Its stateless, request–response architecture
    • The evolution from HTTP/1.0 to HTTP/3
    • Common request methods such as GET and POST
    • Status code classes (1xx–5xx) and what they reveal about server behavior
  • HTTP headers and session management, understanding how cookies maintain state and how security headers help mitigate attacks:
    • Content Security Policy (CSP)
    • HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
  • Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), breaking down their structure to understand how resources are located and how parameters may introduce security risks.
  • HTML structure, including:
    • Tags and document layout
    • The risks of exposed HTML comments
    • Security considerations around login forms and input handling
  • CSS, and how styling integrates with page rendering without directly providing logic control.
  • Client-side and server-side scripting languages, including:
    • JavaScript for browser interactivity
    • PHP for backend processing
    • Python and PowerShell for automation, scripting, and tool development in security testing
  • Practical enumeration techniques, using tools such as:
    • Burp Suite to inspect headers and manipulate requests
    • Nmap to identify allowed HTTP methods
    • Metasploit for service interaction and validation


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CyberCode AcademyBy CyberCode Academy