NGF was the first neurotrophic factor to be discovered by Professors Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen in the 1950s; however, its discovery, along with the discovery of other neurotrophins, was not widely recognized until 1986. NGF is synthesized in the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland, testis, and it is also produced by vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The expression of NGF in specific neurons of the central nervous system (cortex, hippocampus) can be influenced positively by glutamate and negatively by GABA stimulating neuronal activity. NGF stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-cells and the growth of T-cells and also promotes the proliferation of mast cells. Vitamin D3 is potent inducer of NGF synthesis (a possible reason for vitamin D antidepressant action), while glucocorticoids are potent NGF inhibitors. Studies have shown that NGF seems to prevent or reduce neuronal degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases. It has also been shown to promote peripheral nerve regeneration and has neuroprotective effects on myelin, thus it is indicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). NGF seems to protect cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease which is characterized by a selective degeneration of these cells.
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