In the latest episode of The Scotsman’s Data Capital podcast series we speak with Professor Thusha Rajendran (Heriot-Watt University) about the potential for robots to change Scotland.

Businesses who are able to attract the brightest and best technology talent will be those who understand the complex and ever-changing relationship between humans and computers.

This includes an ability to use artificial intelligence smartly to "automate the misery and retain the joy" in people's jobs, the latest podcast in The Scotsman's Data Capital series heard.

Experts from Accenture Applied Intelligence said the market for those working in data and artificial intelligence was "extremely buoyant" - and that businesses who wanted to win the war for talent had to be authentic in their recruitment.

Sam Netherwood, an expert in behaviour change with Accenture Applied Intelligence, said:  "When it comes to data, tell candidates what you are working on. Ask if they want to be part of that, part of solving those problems, part of this innovation. It's about the inside [of an organisation] matching the outside."

Health data has been the foundation for decision-making during the Covid-19 pandemic - but there is room for improvement on how that data is combined and used in future, according to Scotland's National Clinical Director, Professor Jason Leitch.

In The Scotsman's latest Data Capital podcast, A Healthy Relationship with Data?, Prof Leitch discusses public attitudes to using their personal health data for the wider good.

He says: "I think that if you stop 100 people in the street and tell them that when they go into hospital, or care home, you would like to send the care home the fact that they are diabetic, or tell the hospital to know that they can't see out of their left eye, most would say ‘Don’t you do that already? Of course you should tell them that!

"What they might not want [sharing] is their sexually transmitted disease history, or their private mental health data. There's a balance in there about who should get what, but in the round, people expect healthcare data to be shared appropriately, confidentially, with other healthcare teams, and we're quite good at that."

He continues: "Data has been crucial to the pandemic response. It's kind of invisible, but it's the foundation for a lot of decision-making.

"At one level, data helps us make individual clinical decisions for Frank and Mary who are ill, or who need to be tested or vaccinated.

"At the other end is data for decisions. So, what does vaccination do for 5 million people? When should you start to do testing with lateral flow devices for 5 million people - or for the return of students?  You're giving population level advice, allowing elected officials to make the decisions, and you need data at every level to be able to do that.".

He adds: "Sometimes we forget data is in service. It is not the end in itself, it is in service of patients. I think we have got better at it, but it could be smoother as [healthcare] systems sometimes don't communicate like they should, principally because the systems have developed separately. So we've had parallel tracks of our  hospital level data or GP data or dentist data, or optician data, and care home data."

Joanna Boag-Thomson, a Partner in legal firm Shepherd and Wedderburn and another guest on the podcast, says there are definitely lessons to learn about how Scotland has combined health and social care data during the pandemic.

But she stresses that there have been major benefits from the fact that individuals in Scotland have a community health index (CHI) number which stays with them throughout their healthcare journey.

"Access to GP records and hospital records was really important in the initial stages and combining a shielding list of patients to protect the most vulnerable people in society," Boag-Thomson says. .

"And then, in rolling out the vaccines, lists of where to find people and information about their health, has been very important. Although I think that shows one area where there's room for improvement. There did appear to be some issues in actually rolling out the vaccine among sections of the population who don't tend to visit their GP very often."

She believes communication and consultation are crucial to getting data handling right; "They are absolutely key, so that whoever is running a project can understand what the concerns are, think about them, take time to address them and make people feel much more comfortable about understanding what's being done with their personal data."

Looking at human and animal health in a joined-up way is vital to help predict, and address, future outbreaks of Coronavirus and flu, an expert believes.

Professor Bruce Whitelaw says OneHealth - studying human health, animal health and our environment in a coordinated way - had huge potential.

Prof Whitelaw, a geneticist and senior academic at the University of Edinburgh, discusses OneHealth in detail in the latest Data Capital podcast by The Scotsman and the Data Driven Innovation initiative.

In the podcast, he says: “I’d like to see us being able to predict what the next specific virus, what the next likely outbreak, will be. Not only would we be able to predict it, but put in place a whole variety of aspects to mitigate it: drug development, better surveillance to see which animals are better able to resist the virus, and therefore, less likely to transmit it - and policies and strategies to help society adapt.”

Prof Whitelaw says there are different ideas of what OneHealth is, but he feels it is “the interconnection of the health of us humans, and the health of other animals on our planet and that entire ecosystem that we find ourselves in”.

Older people are being helped to stay in their homes for longer by robotic technology which can perform simple tasks and identify changing patterns in behaviour that signal a decline in physical or mental health.

Experts at Heriot-Watt University say the 'Living Lab' approach - which replicates real-life homes - has huge potential to support older people to 'age in place'.

The research will take on a higher profile when The National Robotarium opens on the Heriot-Watt campus in Edinburgh in spring 2022, with a range of real-life situations to test out robotics.

Professor Lynne Baillie, an expert in human-robot interaction, tells the latest Data Capital podcast from The Scotsman and the Data-Driven Innovation initiative that simple robots can do basic tasks like vacuuming and mowing the lawn - with great potential to do much more.

"A Roomba robot can go around and Hoover your floors, rather than you having to do it….that's a basic level task, and then you can get the more complicated ones where the robot can bring you various things like something you need from the fridge, or answer the door to get a package from Amazon,” she says.

"We're also testing things like a robot reminding people the different steps of how to make a cup of tea or a coffee. We don't want to do it for them, but to remind them of steps that enable them to do it for themselves, to slow cognitive decline."

Robots, working with sensors, can also detect if someone is behaving in an unusual way - such as getting up at different times, or not heating up food  when they normally do.

Prof Baillie explains how scenarios like the delivery of a package can be tested in  a realistic way in the Assisted Living Lab of the new National Robotarium.

"The Assisted Living Lab is actually open. You can enter it from the main entrance but there's also a door which goes directly to the outside so it’s a self contained apartment, and it has built disabled access and a path straight to the road. So we can enact these things and test them out, in a very safe and secure environment, where we have real deliveries to that apartment. We will test it out with all sorts of different users to see what actually happens in real life."

This is what is called a kerb-to-kitchen approach, where a robot collects the parcel from the delivery person and puts it onto a person’s kitchen table.

Prof Baillie says the university is working on the practical issues with older people, health professionals and charities like Alzheimer's Scotland - and stresses that privacy is paramount.

"We're interested in privacy issues because cameras are very invasive, for example. They should only be used, if you actually need to use them. It shouldn't be something that is always on, filming someone in their own home - by putting in robots and sensing devices, we can actually stop that level of invasion of privacy."

Prof Baillie's colleague, Dr Mauro Dragone, explains that reflecting reality is extremely important in the Assisted Living Lab: "The environment needs to be as realistic as possible because we want people to experience what life will be like with this technology. We need to do that in a realistic environment. We don't want users to step into a laboratory, we want to give them an impression that they are actually stepping into their home, or what their home will look like in the future."

Edinburgh is one of the most advanced supercomputing centres in the world - and is harnessing that expertise to support its efforts to become the data capital of Europe.

The supercomputers housed at Bush, in Midlothian, can do an unbelievable 25 million billion calculations every second.

And Professor Mark Parsons, Executive Director at EPCC (previously Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre) says the supercomputers being used now are 25 million times faster than those when he came to Edinburgh 30 years ago.

These huge computers - which have around 750,000 cores, as opposed to  four in your typical laptop - have traditionally been used for a range of complex simulation and modelling exercises. This has included everything from modelling aero engines to hosting the National Data Safe Haven for Public Health Scotland - which has been vital in bringing together many different data sets to help in the fight against Covid-19

Now, as the worlds of supercomputing and data converge, EPCC and Hewlett Packard Enterprises are working on a £100 million, decade-long project - the Edinburgh International Data Facility (EIDF), part of the Data Driven Innovation programme element of the Edinburgh and South-East Scotland City Region Deal.

Prof Parsons says the EIDF is a huge IT infrastructure - designed to store the massive amounts of data cretaed by the DDI programmed and allow it to be analysed for the benefit of the region and its people.

“One of the key objectives is to train 100,000 people in data technologies, and ultimately at the end of this, create 50,000 jobs that will benefit the region," says Lee Rand of Hewlett Packard Enterprises. "It's massively exciting to be part of that."

In the sixth and final episode of The Scotsman's Data Capital series, we discuss why data is only as important as the people behind it.

During the series, we have talked about how data - and artificial intelligence - is being used to help shape the future of tourism, to transform the oil and gas industry, to train robots to help humans with challenging tasks in difficult environments, and much more.

Now we're examining why none of this is possible without human beings to make sense of that data and AI - collecting it, understanding it, analysing it and deriving insights from it.

Firas Khnaisser, who chairs the Data Marketing Association (DMA) in Scotland, is joined by Olivia Gambelin, Founder and CEO of Ethical Intelligence, for a lively exchange of views on why people matter so much in the world of data and AI.

As Olivia says: "Our technology and our data are a reflection of our society. So when we  see something in our systems, that we don't like, that's not the system - that's actually society, that's our human nature."

Firas highlights why public trust in the use of data is so vitally important: "There are companies that have taken our data for a number of years and done all kinds of funky stuff with it, and made billions, but they have never actually told us they would be using our data to do stuff like that."

In the fifth episode of The Scotsman's Data Capital series, we discuss how data and artificial intelligence are powering a new generation of robots - which could revolutionise many aspects of our modern lives.

We hear from Professors Helen Hastie and Yvan Petillot, who are leading the project to create a National Robotarium at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh in early 2022.

They talk about recreating real situations in 'living labs' at the Robotarium, to build on existing work on how robotics can improve our lives.

Professor Hastie, an expert in human-robot interaction, discusses how robots can support our physical and mental health by identifying changes in behaviour, sending alerts after falls, reducing loneliness and much more.

Professor Petillot talks about his work in sending robots into harsh environments where humans cannot go - such as checking on pipelines on the ocean floor.

The Professors go on to discuss a fascinating range of issues - including 'How human do we want our robots to look?' and the potential for the Robotarum to be a world-leading facility to develop the brightest young robotics talent.