Envenomation occupies a unique intersection between medicine, environment, and evolution. This chapter explores the effects of venom on the human body and the principles guiding assessment and treatment after bites and stings.

In this deep dive, we examine how venom acts systemically, how severity is assessed, and why geography and species knowledge matter. You’ll hear how antivenoms are used judiciously, why observation often precedes intervention, and how fear can distort early clinical judgement.

This chapter highlights the importance of calm, evidence-based response in situations that are often emotionally charged — for patients and clinicians alike.

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