Nephrology and urology explore systems of filtration, flow, and balance. This chapter examines how the kidneys regulate fluid, electrolytes, and waste, and how disruption reveals itself through systemic illness.

In this deep dive, we move through acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, electrolyte disturbance, and obstructive uropathy. You’ll hear how subtle biochemical changes precede clinical deterioration, and why renal disease often reflects pathology far beyond the kidneys themselves.

This chapter frames renal medicine as quiet but consequential — where gradual loss can be as dangerous as sudden failure, and vigilance is essential.

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