Ageing and disease examine how time reshapes physiology, resilience, and vulnerability. This chapter explores multimorbidity, frailty, and the shifting balance between intervention and quality of life.

In this deep dive, we consider how disease presents differently in later life, why polypharmacy complicates care, and how function often matters more than diagnosis. You’ll hear how comprehensive assessment guides decision-making beyond single-disease models.

This chapter reframes ageing as accumulation — of adaptation, experience, and risk — demanding medicine that is measured, individualised, and humane.

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