Laboratory reference ranges define the boundaries of normality — yet rarely capture the full story. This chapter explores how ranges are constructed, interpreted, and misapplied in clinical practice.

In this audio deep dive, we examine biological variation, population sampling, and the limitations of thresholds. You’ll hear why values must be interpreted in context, over time, and in relation to the individual rather than the statistic.

This chapter reframes reference ranges as guides rather than verdicts — tools for reasoning, not replacements for judgement.

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