Physical pain and mental pain present distinct experiences and effects on individuals. Short attacks of severe physical pain are overwhelming but transient, with sufferers focusing on immediate relief and typically showing no lasting behavioral changes. In contrast, long-continued physical pain has more noticeable and varied effects, often leading to acceptance, resilience, and resignation. However, it can also manifest as a determination to conceal suffering, or in some cases, deterioration and querulousness. Notably, a characteristic cheerfulness is observed in some with chronic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, though its cause may be physiological rather than purely psychological. Despite potential negative outcomes, a significant theme is the prevalence of heroism in the face of long-term physical pain, with many individuals rising to the challenge.

Mental pain, while less dramatic than physical pain, is described as more common and harder to bear. A key difference is the tendency to conceal mental pain, which paradoxically increases its burden. Facing the causes of mental pain can lead to personal growth and resolution, while avoidance may result in chronic issues. Similar to physical pain, mental suffering can also be overcome with heroism, often leading to significant personal development and achievement. The experience of insanity, such as chronic melancholia, is considered severe, though those affected may not always be aware of their condition, and recovery often brings surprisingly little change. Overall, both physical and mental pain are presented as opportunities for heroism, which individuals seize with surprising frequency.

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