Curve of spee: 2d curvature = buccal cusp tips of premolars and molars posteriorly, curvature begins @ tip of canines and curves upwards from anterior → posterior 

Max molar roots = inclined MESIALLY

Mandi molar roots = inclined DISTALLY 

Curve of Wilson: the medio-lateral curvature of the occlusal plane of posterior teeth → complements the paths of the condoles during mandible movement 

Also 2d 

Crowns of MANDI posterior teeth incline to the lingual (Lingual Lower)

Crowns of MAX posterior teeth incline toward buccal (Buccal Upper) 

Molars have greater inclination bc the curve  → deeper posterior 

Sphere of Monson AKA compensating occlusal curvature = 3d sphere shaped curvature for occlusal plane Concave curve for mandi, convex for maxillary = combo of curve and spee and curve of Wilson

Axial position = the inclination of a tooth from vertical axis 

Normally described in mesiodistal and faciolingual direction (but a combo of the two) = opposite of BULL

Crown is normally inclined in the OPPOSITE direction = BULL

From facial/lingual aspects ALL permanent teeth = rougly trapezoidal 

Proximal view → triangular 

Base = cervical 3rd

Apex = incisal 3rd

Apex = wedge in tearing, biting, and incising food

Proximal view → trapezoidal 

Base = cervical 

Wedge → aids in distribution of forces during mastication and self-cleaning process

Proximal → rhomboidal 

Crowns = inclined toward the lingual  = proper interlocking of the Mandi and max posterior teeth during mastication 

Increase in size with age = Abrasive contact in proximals broaden the area 

Mesiodistal length of dental arches = get shorter = as teeth become narrower mesiodistally, they are moving closer to midline 

Proper contact location = stabilizes dental arch and prevents food packing 

Contact areas become more cervically located from anterior → posterior in each quad (basically just move down towards cervical 3rd from midline to molars) 

Distal contact area normally = more cervical location than mesial contact 

Relative size increases from anterior to posterior in each quad

Posterior teeth → contact areas = normally located to the buccal of center in the faciolingual dimension 

CEJ = cervical line = line around the tooth where enamel and cementum meet 

Separates anatomical crown and root → only visible when not covered by soft tissue

It is stable (unlike gingival line → everchanging)

Gingival line = gingival margin/crest → imaginary line which marks the level of termination of nonattached soft tissue surrounding the tooth 

Separates the clinical crown and root → is always visible 

Epithelial attachment = actual attachment of the soft tissue of the mouth to the tooth 

Can be distinguished From the PDL 

Connection for soft gingival tissue 

PDL = attachment of the hard tissue (bone_ to the tooths root structure 

Usually a sulcus between gingival Marin and epithelial attachment 

Cervical line normally curved (convex) or bulges TOWARD the apical on the → lingual and facial teeth surfaces

CL is normally convex toward the incisal/occlusal on → the mesial and distal surfaces

The amount (depth) of cervical line curvature on any tooth is normally GREATER on the MESIAL compared to distal 

Cervical lines on adjacent prox. Surfaces of adj. teeth have → approx same depth of curvature

Depth of curvature on all surfaces = greatest on → central incisors and decreases POSTERIORLY