In this lesson, I introduce the difference between the particle は(wa)and が(ga).

つき　は　きれいだ。

つき　が　きれいだ。

*つき means a moon

*きれい means beautiful

For つき　は　きれいだ。it explains a moon in generalities.

For つき　が　きれいだ。the situation would be I am looking at a moon with my wife.

*は is used for an old information.

*が is used for a new information.

むかしむかし、あるむら　に　おじいさん　と　おばあさん　が　すんで　いました。

あるひ、おじいさん　は　やま　へ　しばかり　に、

おばあさん　は　かわ　へ　せんたく　に　いきました。

Once upon a time, an old man and an old woman lived in a small village.

One day the old man went to the mountain to gather firewood and the old woman went to the river to wash clothes.

*が for a new information is translated into "a" or "an" in English

*は for an old information is translated into "the" in English.

Reference:

日本人のための日本語文法入門 (Introduction of Japanese Grammar for Japanese)

https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B01M8GUXYE/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1

All 9 Case Particles

https://anchor.fm/yuya-sato/episodes/All-9-Case-Particles-eprp9v

The Particle "wa"

https://anchor.fm/yuya-sato/episodes/The-Particle-wa-en50i0

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