Mental Models discussed in this podcast:  Discount Rates Supply and Demand  Please review and rate the podcast If you enjoyed this podcast and found it helpful, please consider leaving me a rating and review. Your feedback helps me to improve the podcast and grow the show's audience.  Follow me on Twitter and YouTube Twitter Handle: @TreyHenninger YouTube Channel: DIY Investing Support the Podcast on Patreon This is a podcast supported by listeners like you. If you’d like to support this podcast and help me to continue creating great investing content, please consider becoming a Patron at DIYInvesting.org/Patron. You can find out more information by listening to episode 11 of this podcast. Show Outline The full show notes for this episode are available at https://www.diyinvesting.org/Episode92 Discount Rates have changed over time   Past  Short Lives A small or non-existent investor class No control of interest rates   Present  Longer lives Larger investor class Central Banks and controlled interest rates   Future  Massively longer lives (no death?) Massive investor class Discount rates will approach 0%.     Summary: Discount rates form the foundation for the process of stock valuation. Value investors, therefore, rationally adjust their discount rates based on their expectations for their future. Changing expectations will reduce discount rates over time. 

92 - Discount Rates: Past, Present, and Future

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Want Investing Research Directly to your Inbox? Sign-up for my Free Substack: https://diyinvestingstocks.substack.com/subscribe? Mental Models discussed in this podcast:  Delayed Gratification Time Horizon Personal Responsbility Compounding 

137 - Expand Your Time Horizon

Want Investing Research Directly to your Inbox? Sign-up for my Free Substack: https://diyinvestingstocks.substack.com/subscribe? Mental Models discussed in this podcast:  Second-Order Effects Mean Reversion Factor Investing  Please review and rate the podcast If you enjoyed this podcast and found it helpful, please consider leaving me a rating and review. Your feedback helps me to improve the podcast and grow the show's audience.  Follow me on Twitter and YouTube Twitter Handle: @TreyHenninger YouTube Channel: DIY Investing Show Outline  Selling Series  A lot of time is spent on buying stocks. Yet, almost just as important, if not more is knowing when to sell stocks.  I find this area relatively underexplored, so I want to begin a long-term series on selling stocks from the framework of a value investor.  Previously talked about selling in a single episode on Ep. 106   Today’s focus: Strategy matters  There is no one-size fits all approach How you buy stocks will influence how you sell them Your portfolio allocation strategy will matter THe number of stocks you review in a year will matter Whether you plan to own a cash position or not will matter.   Excluded from this series:  Won’t be discussing momentum investing Won’t be discussing trading or technical analysis investing (except as a marginal part of value investing when relevant) Entire focus assumes that you are a value investor of some sort (whether deep value, compounder, graham value, quality, etc…)   Deep Value:  Buy at 2/3rds of value and sell at “full price”   Compounders:  You want to hold for a long-time.  Sell when compounding ends, plateaus or you were wrong   Net-Nets  Hold a year then reassess   Waterfall Stocks:   Hold so long as dividend yield is sufficient to provide target return   Dividend Growth Investing:  Buy companies that pay dividends and grow them and sell them when they cut or eliminate their dividends   Buy and Hold  “Never sell” Works for a subset of stocks Tends to overlap well with compounders and Dividend Growth investing   

136 - Selling Stocks for Value Investors (Part 1: Strategy Matters)

Want Investing Research Directly to your Inbox? Sign-up for my Free Substack: https://diyinvestingstocks.substack.com/subscribe? Mental Models discussed in this podcast:  Second-Order Effects Mean Reversion Factor Investing  Please review and rate the podcast If you enjoyed this podcast and found it helpful, please consider leaving me a rating and review. Your feedback helps me to improve the podcast and grow the show's audience.  Follow me on Twitter and YouTube Twitter Handle: @TreyHenninger YouTube Channel: DIY Investing Show Outline  Today’s podcast will focus on a single precept: You can’t predict the future First and Second Order Effects  Margin of Safety Preference for cash now vs cash later (Plays into want for profitable companies) Time value of money.  Growth is important because it can correct for mistakes, but you know you can’t predict it   Some of what you “know” about investing may not be true Importance of Zero-Based Thinking (what is the best decision today based on what you know today)  Wrong because past price performance can’t predict the future (it may, but it may not)   Wrong because it assumes that winners will keep on winning and losers will keep on losing    “Don’t catch a falling knife” “Hold onto winners, trim your losers”  The central problem with rebalancing  It is definitely true that successful rebalancing CAN add value It is also true that it is IMPOSSIBLE to know if your rebalancing will be successful How then do you behave? How do you invest in the face of uncertainty?     First order: Second order:  Investing in the face of uncertainty  You cannot assume business momentum. You plan for it and buy stocks you think will have it, but your strategy cannot assume it will continue. You cannot assume reversion to the mean. You plan for it and buy cheap stocks because it offers the opportunity of reversion to the mean, but your strategy cannot assume stocks WILL mean revert in the time frame you want. You cannot assume that growth will continue. You cannot assume a specific growth target will be hit. You cannot assume that your predictions about business quality will be better on company A than on company B.   The only thing you can know to be true is that the future is uncertain.   I personally use some absolute rules (like no margin debt, no options, and no shorting). Not because they’re optimal, but because they limit my risk and allow me to take risks in other areas.     Some of your decisions will be a mistake. That doesn’t mean you don’t make a decision. Indecision is a decision.  Selling some winners may be correct and selling others may be a mistake. Your strategy needs to incorporate that understanding. “Absolute rules” can be helpful to limit mistakes, but they will inherently be suboptimal.   What is my point:  It would be a mistake NOT to trim when I am given the opportunity to do so. Failing to take advantage of opportunities that ignore zero based thinking will result in me having lower returns across an investment lifetime.  You want to build a strategy that follows this precept: “If I lived my life 10,000 times, what strategy would result in a favorable outcome across the most possible lifetimes?”  Don’t optimize for the “perfect” scenario. Don’t optimize for the “worst case” scenario.  Optimize for uncertainty. Prepare for the worse, plan for the best, and adjust daily.     There are aspects of my strategy that go against established norms. However, there are clear reasons for that. I know that I cannot predict the future.  Therefore, I am willing to sell or trim my winners when I believe it improves my potential returns and reduces my risk.    Summary:     You cannot predict the future. Be more humble.    

135 - Investing in the Face of Uncertainty

Want Investing Research Directly to your Inbox? Sign-up for my Free Substack: https://diyinvestingstocks.substack.com/subscribe? Mental Models discussed in this podcast:  Look-Through Earnings Dollar Cost Averaging Earnings Yield Opportunity Cost  Please review and rate the podcast If you enjoyed this podcast and found it helpful, please consider leaving me a rating and review. Your feedback helps me to improve the podcast and grow the show's audience.  Follow me on Twitter and YouTube Twitter Handle: @TreyHenninger YouTube Channel: DIY Investing

134 - Dollar Cost Averaging into Individual Stocks

Mental Models discussed in this podcast:  Dead Money Opportunity Cost Time is Money Intrinsic Value Compounding  Please review and rate the podcast If you enjoyed this podcast and found it helpful, please consider leaving me a rating and review. Your feedback helps me to improve the podcast and grow the show's audience.  Follow me on Twitter and YouTube Twitter Handle: @TreyHenninger YouTube Channel: DIY Investing Show Outline The Dead Money Problem and Solution  “If you remember only one thing today: Time is Money”  What is Dead Money?   Any asset you own that is not growing intrinsic value over a period of time.  The focus here is on the fundamentals of the business. NOT the stock price. We can’t predict stock prices. We’re not going to try.   Why is this a problem?   The longer you hold a dead money position the worse off you are.   Principle: Time x Position Sizing x Expected Return of Alternatives = Lost value   By using this formula you can anticipate how much exposure you have to dead money losses.   The Solution:   The impact is large (Big “lost value” bucket) [>> 1%] The likelihood of success is high (Big difference in expected return between opportunities)  At least 10%   Passivity is better than action. Action leads to errors. Always remember that you had good reasons for your original buy decisions.    Summary: Time is Money! Investors lose value on any asset they own that is not growing intrinsic value over time. This episode provides value investors with my solution on how to optimize their portfolio in the face of dead money assets and potential opportunities

92 - Discount Rates: Past, Present, and Future

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