Ethereum was the first generalist blockchain to popularize Decentralize Finance (DeFI) through its use of smart contracts. In turn, they created a rich ecosystem of dApps as web interfaces to the blockchain’s smart contract, so far accounting for 3,778 dApps across 6,730 smart contracts. Such dApps have recreated virtually the entire financial system – borrowing, lending, market making, exchanging – and are now moving toward blockchain gaming metaverses and NFTs.

Yet, this monetary revolution transpired on fragile legs. Ethereum might’ve amassed DeFi momentum with the highest number of developers and dApps, but its Proof-of-Work foundation makes it prohibitively expensive to use.

Contrary to the original vision of crypto payments and transactions as frictionless and cheap, Ethereum leaves for progress to be made. An estimated 71% of consumers prefer to pay with a debit or credit card, and for good reason: transactions are simple, with some degree of protection, they’re generally fast (from the consumer’s perspective – they swipe and leave the store with their goods), and they’re free. Merchants pay a fee, which is usually under 3%.

Transactions on Ethereum are much different when compared to such traditional payment processors. Fans of Ethereum argue the solution lies in the ETH 2.0 upgrade, transforming Ethereum to a Proof-of-Stake blockchain, the Beacon Chain. This will be Ethereum’s new backbone, managing all shard chains and validators, as detailed in the ETH 2.0 upgrade roundup. At the end of October, Ethereum completed the Altair upgrade, bringing it one step closer to the Beacon Chain.

What Does the Altair Upgrade Bring?

After the Altair upgrade launched on October 27, 2021, ETH shortly thereafter eclipsed its all-time-high price (at the time) of over $4,500. With hopes inflamed, in this delicate transition period, both Ethereum’s Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus work in parallel to each other.

As the biggest Beacon Chain upgrade since December 2020, Altair is a test run to make sure the projected 2022 Ethereum-Beacon Chain merger will be successful. Here are some of the Altair upgrades:

Light clients for easier interaction with the network due to lower computational and bandwidth costs than full nodes.

Incentive restructuring which brings more efficient bit yield to reduce complexity, inactivity leak quadratic function that is based per validator, instead of global. The latter helps validators that have over 80% percent participation rate.

Bug fixes for validator rewards.

In theory, they should all lead to an Ethereum 2.0 that is as fast and affordable as other layer-1 competitor blockchains that have recently risen in popularity. In the meantime, Ethereum will continue to rely on Layer 2 solutions to make it so. However, there is another matter emerging outside of Ethereum’s scalability. How decentralized is it really?

Ethereum’s Decentralization Examined

If there are other smart contract platforms with both negligible fees and fast transaction speeds, Ethereum’s strongsuit remains its wide adoption and decentralization. On PoS blockchains, validators are equivalent to PoW’s miners, making the network run.

Simply put, a validator is software running on node hardware. A validator’s job is to approve blockchain transactions and pass this data to a node, which will then add it to the blockchain. According to ethernodes.org, Ethereum is presently hosted by 2843 nodes, most of which are concentrated in Northern America and Europe.

In percentages, the US holds 35.21%, Germany 15.20%, China 6.79%, Singapore 4.89%, Finland 3.87%, France 3.52%, Canada 2.92%, and the UK 2.85% Combined with other countries, North America and Europe make up nearly 80% of Ethereum’s nodes.

To illustrate this concentration further, Ethereum 2.0 nodes, on the Beacon Chain, are even more concentrated on the same two continents.

Out of 4,688 Beacon Chain nodes, over a quarter, 27.22% are in the US. Combined together, the two c...