Department of Defense Financial Management Regulation (DoD FMR) Volume 16, titled “Department of Defense Debt Management,” establishes the comprehensive policies and procedures for the administration, collection, and resolution of debts owed to the DoD by any person, organization, or entity. The volume provides detailed, specialized instructions for collecting debts from diverse categories of debtors, including current and former civilian employees, active duty and reserve military members, military retirees, contractors, and foreign entities. It strictly mandates due process requirements—such as issuing formal debt notification letters and affording individuals the opportunity for a review or formal hearing—before the DoD can initiate involuntary collection actions. The regulation prescribes a hierarchy of debt recovery tools, prioritizing voluntary lump-sum or installment repayments, and authorizing involuntary salary offsets and administrative offsets when voluntary repayment fails. Furthermore, Volume 16 provides extensive guidance on the proper assessment of Interest, Penalties, and Administrative (IPA) charges on delinquent debts, the specific procedures for processing debtor requests for waivers, remissions, or cancellations of indebtedness, and the precise protocols for reporting and referring uncollectible debts to the U.S. Department of the Treasury, private collection agencies, or the Department of Justice for litigation