Dr.Frances Cress Welsing rocked the fields of cultural and behavioral science with her 1970 essay The Cress Theory of Color-Confrontation and Racism (White Supremacy). This striking theory of the origins of racism is rooted in the effects that varying degrees of melanin--the color-producing pigment in skin--can have on racial perception and development. "The quality of whiteness is a genetic inadequacy or a relative deficiency or disease based upon the inability to produce the skin pigments of melanin which are responsible for all skin color," she explained in the essay, adding, "The majority of the world's people are not so afflicted, suggesting that the state of color is the norm for human beings and [its] absence is abnormal."