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The deadly journey to Australia wasn't just about surviving treacherous seas—it was about escaping invisible killers that stalked passengers in the cramped confines of sailing ships.  Dr. George Mayo's diary from his second voyage records the heartbreaking reality: "Friday March 15th, aged two years three months, dead."

We're joined by a medical expert who unpacks the devastating diseases that claimed so many lives on these early voyages.  Measles, often mistakenly considered benign today, killed millions annually before vaccination, with mortality rates reaching alarming heights in young children.  The characteristic fever, rash, and respiratory symptoms proved fatal for many youngsters trapped in the close quarters of migrant ships.

Our discussion clarifies the crucial difference between measles and German measles (rubella)—the latter being particularly catastrophic for pregnant women.  We learn about Australian ophthalmologist Norman Gregg's groundbreaking 1941 discovery linking rubella in pregnancy to congenital defects, a finding that would eventually save countless unborn children.

The conversation turns to whooping cough, aptly named the "100-day cough" for its persistent, violent spasms that could fracture ribs or cause bleeding in the eyes.  Without modern antibiotics, this bacterial infection was especially lethal for infants.  We also explore "the itch" (scabies), a non-fatal but miserable skin condition that spread rapidly in shipboard environments and was treated with remedies as dangerous as mercury compounds.

This episode provides remarkable perspective on our medical progress.  Diseases that once decimated populations on voyages to Australia have been largely conquered through vaccination campaigns and antibiotics, though they remain threats when preventive measures falter.  The suffering of early migrants reminds us how fortunate we are to live in an age where these once-inevitable killers can be prevented with a simple injection.

Ready to learn more about the medical challenges faced by Australia's early settlers? Subscribe now and join us next episode as we continue our exploration of 19th-century diseases.

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