This text contains excerpts from Robert G. Hoyland’s 1997 scholarly work, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It, which examines the early history of the Islamic empire through the lens of contemporary non-Muslim observers. By surveying a vast array of Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, and even Chinese and Latin records, Hoyland provides a multifaceted perspective on the socio-political and religious transformations that occurred between the 7th and 8th centuries. The book argues that these external sources are essential for understanding the formative period of Islam, as they offer insights often absent from later Islamic tradition. Hoyland explores various literary genres, including apocalypses, martyrologies, and chronicles, to illustrate how conquered populations interpreted the Arab conquests. Ultimately, the collection highlights the cultural continuity and intellectual exchange that persisted across religious boundaries during the transition from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages.

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