The execution of Charles I led to one last wave of war in England and Scotland, dubbed the Third English Civil War, and the English Invasion of Scotland. England's victory left them in control of Scotland, with a military government led by George Monck.

It also led to thousands of POWs being transported to England's American (and African) colonies as unwilling indentured servants. These people would never return to Scotland, but instead form the original group of Scottish settlers in America.