This talk will highlight current advances in the pathophysiology of ICU delirium, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of circadian rhythms and HPA axis. Key pathophysiological mechanisms will be linked with current evidence-based recommendations for the assessment, prevention and treatment of ICU delirium, with emphasis on evidence on non-pharmacologic interventions. Data on epidemiology and approaches to improve long-term outcomes will be presented, and gaps in the literature and practice implications will be discussed.