Frank Chalk, a historian, a genocide scholar and author, says there is “a strong case to be made” that Canada’s Indian Residential Schools system and the policy of forcibly removing Indigenous children from their families in the late 19th and much of the 20th century “constituted an act that does fulfil the United Nations’ definition of acts of genocide in Article II of the Genocide Convention.” However, the case of murdered and missing Indigenous women and girls is not as clear-cut.