Introduce Energy-Based Transformers (EBTs) as a novel AI architecture designed to emulate human System 2 thinking, characterized by slow, deliberate, and analytical reasoning.

Unlike traditional feed-forward Transformers, EBTs operate by learning an energy function to iteratively refine predictions through optimization, effectively acting as learned verifiers.

This paradigm shift offers advantages like dynamic computational allocation, uncertainty modeling, and intrinsic prediction verification, leading to superior scalability and generalization, especially on out-of-distribution tasks.

However, the sources also critically discuss the ethical implications of such powerful AI, highlighting concerns regarding increased environmental footprint, the reshaping of workforce dynamics, and the crucial need for robust governance to address bias and accountability.