In this conversation, Charles Yang discusses his journey from a material science major to becoming the executive director of the Center for Industrial Strategy. He shares insights on the intersection of AI and science, the importance of industrial policy, and the role of government in fostering innovation. Yang emphasizes the need for a shift in perspective regarding AI as a tool rather than a replacement for scientists, and he highlights the significance of autonomous labs in advancing scientific research. He also introduces his new project, Bench Signal, which focuses on the adoption of scientific instruments and their impact on research. Throughout the discussion, Yang offers valuable advice for early career researchers and technologists.