In this episode we speak with historian Knut Walter, a specialist in the political and social history of Central America. Throughout the interview, Walter offers an in-depth interpretation of violence in the region, arguing that it is not a recent phenomenon exclusively linked to the civil wars of the 20th century, but rather a long-standing historical reality rooted in the structural weaknesses of the State and in social and institutional dynamics. Using a comparative perspective across countries such as El Salvador and Nicaragua, the historian analyzes how political and social violence intertwines with state action- or the absence of it- highlighting the role of the State both as an organizer of violence and as an entity incapable of guaranteeing justice and effective security.

The conversation also addresses the impact of the Cold War, dictatorships, and democratization processes in shaping contemporary violence. Walter argues that these processes did not create violence, but rather intensified and reorganized it, while later institutional reforms- particularly within judicial systems- failed to respond to social demands or contain the rise in criminality. The episode concludes with a reflection on the current challenges facing the region, including drug trafficking, gang violence, and migration, as well as the continuing role of institutions such as the military and police.

Overall, this interview offers a critical and long-term perspective that invites listeners to rethink simplified narratives about violence in Central America and to consider its deeper historical roots.