Understandably, this Q&A was dominated by questions about the recent murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police officer and three of his colleagues. We discussed the role of racial bias in policing, and Armin and Ali had stark differences in their views. Needless to say, it got heated. Watch the argument and read the links below (mentioned in the episode) to come to your own conclusions.

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LINKS:

Some of these papers are behind a paywall. You can go to https://sci-hub.tw/ to read them for free.

The Reverse Racism Effect: Are Cops More Hesitant to Shoot Black Than White Suspects? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290437363_The_Reverse_Racism_Effect_Are_Cops_More_Hesitant_to_Shoot_Black_Than_White_Suspects

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Lethal Force by US Police, 2010–2014 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5227943/

Deaths Due to Use of Lethal Force by Law Enforcement https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6080222/

A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States, 2011–2014 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4634878/

An Empirical Analysis of Racial Di↵erences in Police Use of Force https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/fryer/files/empirical_analysis_tables_figures.pdf

Police acts of violence unbiased, controversial new data say https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/25/health/police-use-of-force-study/index.html

Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings: https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/116/32/15877.full.pdf

Black and blue: Exploring racial bias and law enforcement in the killings of unarmed black male civilians: https://content.apa.org/record/2016-15883-001

How suspect race affects police use of force in an interaction over time: https://content.apa.org/record/2016-50697-001

Stereotype threat and racial differences in citizens’ experiences of police encounters: https://content.apa.org/record/2015-23903-001

Racial bias in judgments of physical size and formidability: From size to threat: https://content.apa.org/record/2017-11085-001