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The Mongol invasion of the Song Dynasty (1251-1258), led by Möngke, aimed to exploit the divided defenses of the wealthy and culturally advanced Song in northern China. Prior engagements had resulted in strong resistance due to effective Song military strategies. After being displaced by the Jurchen and Jin Dynasties, the Southern Song sought to reclaim territory but faced financial and political struggles. Möngke's assault initially saw gains but was ultimately thwarted by the harsh climate and resilient defenders. His unexpected death led to disarray within the Mongol forces and a temporary reprieve for the Song, marking a turning point in the conflict amidst civil strife in the Mongol Empire.

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