In this episode, we discuss the remarkable life and career of Fray Bartolome de las Casas, Protector of the Indians. We also talk about the debate over the humanity of the Indians, a debate which roiled the intellectuals of Spain and beyond. With a clearer picture of Las Casas's life and the Dominican campaign for the amelioration of the Indians' plight, the stage is set for next episode's recounting of Fray Luis Cancer's tragic attempt to convert the Floridian natives.