Before you can secure access, you have to know who’s requesting it—and identity proofing ensures that the person behind a login is who they claim to be. In this episode, we explore identity proofing methods used during onboarding and remote authentication, including document verification, biometric validation, third-party attestation, and knowledge-based authentication. These techniques form the foundation of trust in both physical and digital identity systems, especially in regulated environments. We also discuss identity federation, which enables a single identity to be used across multiple systems, often spanning organizational boundaries. By leveraging standards like SAML, OAuth, and OpenID Connect, federation allows users to authenticate once and securely access numerous resources, reducing password sprawl and improving user experience. Done right, identity proofing and federation support both security and scalability—ensuring access is based on verified identity, not just credentials.