This episode begins with a brief overview of changes to the American religious landscape during the early 1960s, as highly conservative believers were shaken by the Supreme Court's decision against school prayer, and Catholics had a divided reaction to the "Vatican II" reforms to the traditional liturgy. During the Kennedy Administration, the Space Race entered high gear as the USA struggled to match Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin's achievement as the first man in outer space. However, by 1962, Mercury program astronauts John Glenn and Scott Carpenter were helping the American government attain its own impressive astronomical achievements. In June 1963, President John F. Kennedy visited divided Germany after the Soviet construction of the infamous Berlin Wall, and he encouraged the population of West Berlin with his legendary "ich bin ein Berliner" speech. Southeast Asia was a more difficult region for American foreign policy, because the pro-Communist members of the Viet Cong were increasingly making inroads into rural areas of South Vietnam, despite the efforts of US Green Berets in training the South Vietnamese army to defeat this elusive enemy. Buddhist protests finally led the Kennedy Administration to abandon Ngo Dinh Diem, the corrupt & venal president of the Republic of South Vietnam. However, Diem's removal & assassination failed to improve matters much, and South Vietnam became a dysfunctional puppet regime of an American government that was increasingly exasperated by its inability to control events in a small Asian country that had gained symbolic importance as a front line in the Cold War. Despite some encouraging steps toward detente with the Soviets, the US government remained concerned about the spread of Communism at the end of 1963.

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