Data integrity and authenticity are two foundational pillars of cybersecurity, and in this episode, we explore how hashing, salting, and digital signatures help uphold both. Hashing generates a fixed-length output from variable input, creating a digital fingerprint that can be used to verify whether data has been tampered with. Common algorithms like SHA-256 are used in password storage, file integrity checks, and digital forensics, providing fast and efficient validation of content. However, hashing alone isn’t enough for password security, which is where salting comes in—by adding random values to passwords before hashing, salting defends against rainbow table attacks and ensures unique hashes for identical inputs. We also explain how digital signatures use asymmetric cryptography to bind a signer’s identity to a piece of data, enabling both authentication and non-repudiation in communication, code distribution, and legal transactions. These techniques are not interchangeable but are often used in combination to protect the integrity, security, and legitimacy of data throughout its lifecycle. Mastery of these concepts is essential for both exam preparation and real-world application.