Join Nico and Isaac as they discuss what it means when regions, religions, and peoples are referenced as absolute categories. Nico and Isaac also consider what it means to refer to a historical period and region as a “civilization.” The episode builds upon what Sierra and Matt began considering in Part One of Episode 4.

The works referenced in the episode include Samuel P. Huntington’s "The Clash of Civilizations?" in Foreign Affairs (Summer 1993) and Marshall Hodgson’s The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, vol. 1 The Classical Age of Islam (University of Chicago Press, 1961).