Virtualization and cloud computing introduce powerful efficiencies—but they also open up new categories of vulnerabilities that traditional security models often fail to address. In this episode, we examine risks like virtual machine (VM) escape, where an attacker breaks out of an isolated VM and interacts directly with the host or other VMs, as well as resource reuse issues that can lead to unintended data exposure between tenants. We also explore how misconfigured cloud environments—such as improperly secured storage buckets, open management interfaces, or overly permissive IAM roles—can leave sensitive data exposed to the internet. These vulnerabilities often result not from flaws in the technology itself, but from a lack of visibility, control, or shared responsibility between the cloud provider and the customer. We discuss best practices for container and hypervisor hardening, identity management in cloud platforms, and continuous validation using tools like CSPM (Cloud Security Posture Management). As infrastructure becomes more abstracted, understanding the unique attack surfaces and responsibilities of virtualized and cloud-based environments is critical for defense.