In this episode Joe discusses the techniques of songwriting, chord  cycles, chord and non-chord tones, rhythmic and melodic motives, repetition of motives exactly or with variation, ostinato patterns, the order and use of sections, symmetry and bass and drum relationships, plus unusual and innovative sectioning. In the song "Perfect", we see how Ed Sheeran develops musical and lyrical phrases with consummate expertise.This song is a textbook for all modern composers.