This episode primarily discusses a case study for signal rules applied to the S&P 500 Index, focusing heavily on the rigorous statistical evaluation of trading rules to combat biases like data snooping and data mining. The study employed specialized statistical inference methods, specifically White’s reality check (WRC) and Masters’s Monte Carlo permutation (MCP), to determine if any of the 6,402 tested rules—derived from technical analysis concepts like trend, extreme values, and divergence—showed statistically significant predictive power. The text details the construction of these rules using operators like the Channel Breakout Operator (CBO) and Moving-Average Operator (MA), utilizing various raw and constructed time series as inputs. Crucially, the final results indicated that no single rule achieved statistically significant returns after correcting for data-mining bias, underscoring the necessity of using advanced evidence-based technical analysis (EBTA) methods over conventional, naive testing