Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid.

Anaerobic Process: Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Energy Production: During fermentation, energy is released from glucose. This process is used by yeast to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol1.

Types of Fermentation: There are two main types of fermentation: alcoholic and lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid4.

Applications: Fermentation is commercially employed in the food and beverage industries, and pharmaceutical industries. For example, the conversion of sugars into ethanol is used to produce alcoholic beverages, and the release of CO2 by yeast is used in the leavening of bread.

A fermentor, also known as a bioreactor, is a device used to carry out the fermentation process using microorganisms1.

It is designed to facilitate the commercial production of substances like antibiotics, enzymes, beverages, and more in various industries.

Design: A fermentor is equipped with all the elements necessary to support the biochemical and chemical activity of microorganisms, allowing the conversion of raw material into a useful product.

Types: There are mainly five types of fermentors: Stirred tank fermentor, Airlift fermentor, Fluidised bed fermentor, Packed bed fermentor, and Photo fermentor.

Applications: Fermentors have broad applicability in industries such as food, wastewater treatment, and more. They are used for brewing beer, making yogurt, producing genetically modified bacteria and molds that produce antibiotics, et