This episode continues with the story of Isma´il Aqa – a Kurdish chieftan known as Simko who set himself up as an independent local ruler in the borderlands of Persia, cooperating with a number of leading Kurdish nationalists and challenging the central government. Even after his ‘rebellion’ was crushed by the modernized Persian army in August 1922 and he had fled from Persian soil, he remained an influential actor in central Kurdistan, and both Turkey and Britain attempted to use him in their interests in the conflict over the status of the Mosul province during the interwar period.