1954: Five Congressmen Shot by Puerto Rican Nationalists

On this date in 1954, four Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire in the House of Representatives chamber in the United States Capitol building. Here are some things you may not have known about it. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was founded in the 1920s in an attempt to secure the island’s independence from the United States. The U.S. had gained possession of Puerto Rico as part of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, which ended the Spanish-American War. The U.S. also acquired Guam, the Philippines and Cuba as part of the treaty. An amendment to the U.S. declaration of war prevented the U.S. from keeping Cuba. The Puerto Rican nationalists argued that their island wasn’t the property of Spain in the first place, so the Spanish couldn’t give the island to the United States.  In 1950, Puerto Rico was made a “Free Associated State,” meaning the people of Puerto Rico could elect their own governor and legislators in a manner similar to full-fledged American states. The U.S. government retained responsibility for defense and foreign relations. In October, the U.S. helped the Puerto Rican National Guard put down a nationalist uprising, which resulted in 28 fatalities. Two days later, two nationalists attempted to assassinate President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. The attack was unsuccessful, but a White House police officer and one of the attackers were killed. In 1952, 82 percent of Puerto Rican voters decided to accept the new status as a commonwealth. The only other option provided on the ballot was for maintaining direct American rule. Independence was not an option. On March 1, 1954, Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores and Andres Figueroa Cordero smuggled semi-automatic pistols into the visitors’ gallery above the House of Representatives chamber in the U.S. Capitol.  The group recited the Lord’s Prayer, Lebrón stood up and shouted “¡Viva Puerto Rico Libre!” or “Long live a free Puerto Rico” and unfurled a Puerto Rican flag. The group then opened fire. Five congressmen were shot: Alvin Bentley of Michigan, Clifford Davis of Tennessee, Ben F. Jensen of Iowa, George Hyde Fallon of Maryland and Kenneth A. Roberts of Alabama. Bentley was the most severely injured, having been shot in the chest. Lebrón said she fired her gun into the ceiling. It’s reported that Figueroa Cordero’s gun jammed. Cancel Miranda claimed to have fired most of the shots and injured all of the congressmen.  The nationalists were immediately arrested. After her arrest, Lebrón said, “I did not come to kill anyone, I came to die for Puerto Rico.” All of the wounded congressmen survived their injuries. The four nationalists were convicted of attempted murder and conspiracy. Each of them except Cancel Miranda were given 76-year sentences. Cancel Miranda, who was considered to be the primary shooter, was sentenced to 85 years in prison and sent to Alcatraz. Figueroa Cordero was released from prison in 1978, the others were pardoned in 1979. Cancel Miranda is the only surviving participant of  the plot. He’s 86 years old and lives in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.  Since 1967, there have been four referendums on the status of Puerto Rico. Maintaining the commonwealth and pursuing statehood have been the top vote getters. Another referendum is scheduled for June 11, 2017. The only options on the ballot will be statehood or independence/free association. Our question: What are the names of the other three major islands in the Greater Antilles? Today is Ash Wednesday, World Civil Defense Day, Independence Day in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Heroes’ Day in Paraguay. It’s unofficially National Pig Day, National Fruit Compote Day, and World Math Day. It’s the birthday of bandleader Glenn Miller, who was born in 1904; musician Harry Belafonte, who is 90; and actor and director Ron Howard, who is 63. Because our topic happened before 1960, we’ll spin the wheel to pick a year at random. This week in 1973, the top song in the U.S. was “Killing Me Softly With His Song” by Roberta Flack. The No. 1 movie was “Walking Tall,” while the novel “Jonathan Livingston Seagul” by Richard Bach topped the New York Times Bestsellers list.  With as often as they’re mentioned, Richard Bach and James Michener should be paying for advertising on this show. Weekly question: What series had the second-most-watched finale on U.S. TV? Submit your answer at triviapeople.com/test and we’ll add the name of the person with the first correct answer to our winner’s wall … at triviapeople.com. We'll have the correct answer on Friday’s episode.   Links Follow us on Twitter, Facebook or our website. Also, if you’re enjoying the show, please consider supporting it through Patreon.com Please rate the show on iTunes by clicking here. Subscribe on iOS: http://apple.co/1H2paH9  Subscribe on Android: http://bit.ly/2bQnk3m  Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_shooting_incident_(1954) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_constitutional_referendum,_1952 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Cancel_Miranda https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_status_referendum,_2017 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teller_Amendment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1 https://www.checkiday.com/3/1/2017 http://www.biography.com/people/groups/born-on-march-01 http://www.bobborst.com/popculture/numberonesongs/?chart=us&m;=3&d;=1&y;=1940&o;= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1973_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Fiction_Best_Sellers_of_1972