Found in the Machine

In 1995, a tiny pixelated heart on a Japanese pager became the most important thing on the screen. When it disappeared, young people left. One man never forgot and went on to draw the original 176 emoji.     

In this episode:

• Pocket Bells and goroawase: how Japanese teenagers turned numbers on pagers into a language of their own
• The heart: the small symbol on NTT Docomo's Pocket Bell, and what happened when a new business model took it away
• Shigetaka Kurita: the former pager salesman with no design training who was given five weeks to draw the original 12x12 pixel emoji for i-mode
• Unicode and HEAVY BLACK HEART: how emoji became part of a shared standard in 2010, and why the red heart carries such a strange formal name
• The Museum of Modern Art: how Kurita's designs became part of MoMA's collection, and why an emoji means whatever we make it mean     

Episode Music:

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • Possibility
  • Freedom to Speak
  • Bones   

Additional Reading:

McLaughlin, A. (2018, May 2). Emoji: Documenting design history’s accidental masterpiece. Design Week. https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/30-april-6-may-2018/emoji-documenting-design-history-accidental-masterpiece/

McCurry, J. (2016, October 27). The inventor of emoji on his famous creations and his all-time favorite. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/27/emoji-inventor-shigetaka-kurita-moma-new-york-text

Museum of Modern Art. (2016). Inbox: The original emoji, by Shigetaka Kurita. MoMA exhibition page. https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3639

Museum of Modern Art. (2025). Shigetaka Kurita: Emoji. 1998–99. MoMA collection entry. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/196070

Okada, Y. (2018, December 3). ポケベル全盛期、わたしは女子高生だった [I was a high school girl during the pager boom]. ITmedia NEWS. ITmedia article. https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/article/1812/03/1181203094/

The Unicode Consortium. (2026). Unicode emoji (Unicode Technical Standard No. 51, Version 18.0). https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/ 

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In the summer of 1939, at the New York World's Fair, a woman sat beneath a three-story mural of a shouting man and shaped raw electricity into a human voice.   

In this episode:

• Homer Dudley: the engineer who reimagined the human voice as a handful of numbers at Bell Telephone Laboratories
• The Voder: The human-driven machine built to imitate the effects of the human vocal tract
• The Voderettes: 24 telephone operators chosen from hundreds who practiced for more than a year to play the Voder 
• Helen Harper: The Voder virtuoso who trained the other Voderettes to perform feats of mental gymnastics to make the machine speak.

Episode Music

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • Building Nests in the Ruins
  • Kadupul
  • The Other Side
  • Oceans Apart
• Background Sounds
  • WR Sound Library. City Center Crowd Sound - No Copyright | Infinite. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/sound-effects/people-city-center-crowd-sound-no-copyright-infinite-wr-sound-library-553084/
  • Astronaut Flute. The Marching Band. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/music/marching-band-the-marching-band-536193/

Archival Audio

MonoThyratron. (2011, July 9). The Voder - Homer Dudley (Bell Labs) 1939 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hyI_dM5cGo

Additional Reading

Schindler, G. E., Jr. (Ed.). (1982). A history of engineering and science in the Bell System: Vol. 3. Switching technology (1925-1975). Bell Telephone Laboratories. https://archive.org/details/historyofenginee0000unse_q0d8

Simon, S. M. B. (2025). Operation Voder: AT&T, Bell Labs, and the labor of techno-utopia at the 1939 New York World's Fair. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 47(2), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.2025.3528717

Story B. H. (2014). Structure, Movement, Sound, and Perception. Perspectives on speech science and orofacial disorders, 24, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1044/ssod24.1.7

Synthetic Sound Labs. (2017, December 14). Voder synthesis. https://steamsynth.com/history/voder/

Raphael, L. J., Borden, G. J., & Harris, K. S. (2007). Speech science primer: Physiology, acoustics, and perception of speech (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://books.google.com/books/about/Speech_Science_Primer.html?id=AKaiz3TiIJ8C 

Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

If you enjoyed this episode, please consider leaving a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And don't forget to sign up to receive Notes from the Machine with each episode.

In March 1965, two Soviet cosmonauts fell out of the sky into a frozen forest in the Urals, trapped inside a cramped capsule hundreds of kilometers from rescue. Their survival, and their journey home, relied on an intricate mechanical computer made of aluminum, clockwork, and paper. 

In this Episode

• Laboratory 47: the branch of the Soviet Flight Research Institute in Zhukovsky, run by engineer Sergei Darevsky
• The Globus: the indicator of position in flight, a paper-wrapped aluminum globe run by differential gears and cams with orbital curves ground into their edges
• Dead reckoning in spaceflight: why the instrument knew nothing it wasn't told and what that meant for the cosmonauts
• Voskhod 2: Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov, a spacewalk that nearly ended in catastrophe, a failed automatic descent, and the forty-six seconds that decided where they landed

Episode Music

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • Satellites and Waterfalls
  • Something Beautiful is Going to Happen
  • Always Surrounded, Never There
  • Who Will Listen on a Dying Planet

Additional Reading

Becker, J. (2026, June 7). Spaceflight mission report: Voskhod 2. Spacefacts. https://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/voskhod-2.htm

Leonov, A. (2005, January). The nightmare of Voskhod 2. Air & Space Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-nightmare-of-voskhod-2-8655378/

Shirriff, K. (2023, January 21). Inside the Globus INK: A mechanical navigation computer for Soviet spaceflight. Ken Shirriff's Blog. https://www.righto.com/2023/01/inside-globus-ink-mechanical-navigation.html

Tiapchenko, Y. (2003). Information display systems for Russian spacecraft: An overview (S. Gerovitch, Comp. & Trans.). Computing in the Soviet Space Program, MIT. https://web.mit.edu/slava/space/essays/essay-tiapchenko1.htm

Voskhod 2. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 1, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voskhod_2&oldid=1350315400

Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

If you enjoyed this episode, please consider leaving a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And don't forget to sign up to receive Notes from the Machine with each episode.

Found in the Margins is a series of mini bonus episodes that will be available to Patreon members every other week alternating with the main show. This first episode is being shared here for all Found in the Machine listeners. 

Join the Patreon if you'd like to continue hearing these bonus stories. 

This episode explores the creation of Mortal Kombat, the strange reality of early video game digitization, and the landmark 1990s lawsuit that decided who legally owns a human body once it becomes pixels. 

Episode Music

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • Tricks
  • Failures of Infinity
• Techno Syndrome (Mortal Kombat) by The Immortals via Luminous Ambition 

Additional Reading

• Pesina v. Midway Mfg. Co., 948 F. Supp. 40 (N.D. Ill. 1996). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/948/40/2098879/
• Strata. (1994, July). [Advertisement for the arcade game BloodStorm]. EGM 2. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Daniel-Pesina-who-starred-as-Johnny-Cage-in-Mortal-Kombat-has-switched-to_fig11_357487546
• C-SPAN. (2013, November 27). 1993 Senate committee hearings on video game violence [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhwM3ZMTCR0

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Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

If you enjoyed this episode, please consider leaving a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And don't forget to sign up to receive Notes from the Machine with each episode.

Since the 1890s, we've been building machines that wait in our place, in the dark, for something to move. This is the story of how a thread across a trail became a sensor that can feel heat, and what we learn when we really look. 

In this Episode

• George Shiras: the Michigan naturalist and early wildlife photographer who rigged the first trip-wire camera traps in the 1890s
• Pyroelectricity: the physical property that lets a crystal generate a faint electrical charge when its temperature changes
• The Fresnel lens: how a design borrowed from 19th-century lighthouses now focuses invisible infrared light onto motion sensors in camera traps, driveway floodlights, and burglar alarms
• The Haíɫzaqv Nation's coastal wolfs: How a camera trap on the coast caught a wolf doing something scientists didn't know wild wolves were capable of
• Machine learning classifiers: how citizen scientists trains algorithms to sort real animal sightings from the false alarms 
• Colorado's gray wolf reintroduction: the closely monitored 2023 reintroduction effort and recent events  

Episode Music

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • Hands Clasped at the End of the World
  • Magenta
  • The Murky Deep
  • Still Waters Keep Me Awake
  • You Saw the Signs But Never Acknowledged Them 

Additional Reading

Cecco, L. (2025, November 20). Raiders of the lobster pot: Wily wolves learn to haul in Canadian crab traps. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/20/canadia-british-coumbia-sea-wolves-learn-to-loot-crab-traps-for-bait

Davenport, J. (2025, August 31). Wolf encounters & insights: 2025 newsletter. Churchill Wild. https://churchillwild.com/wolf-encounters-insights-2025-newsletter-by-jad-davenport/

Keller, H. J. (2000, May 11). 30 years of passive infrared motion detectors: A technology review [Paper presentation]. OPTO/IRS2, Erfurt, Germany. https://jvs.de/Carclo_Fresnel/pdf_content/2000-05_irs2paper_Hans_j_Keller.pdf

Longwell, A. (2025, July 17). WATCH: Colorado Parks and Wildlife shares first footage of state's newest wolf pups. Vail Daily.  https://www.vaildaily.com/news/colorado-wolf-pup-video-routt-county/

Ross, T. (2026, August 10). Colorado hunter thought wolf shot and killed in January was a coyote. The Colorado Sun. https://coloradosun.com/2026/08/10/colorado-hunter-kills-wolf-thinking-it-coyote/

Shiras, G., III. (1906, July). Photographing wild game with flashlight and camera. The National Geographic Magazine, 17(7), 367–423.

Shiras, G., III. (1908, June). One season's game-bag with the camera. The National Geographic Magazine, 19(6).

Shiras, G., III. (1935). Hunting wild life with camera and flashlight: A record of sixty-five years' visits to the woods and waters of North America (Vols. 1–2). National Geographic Society. https://archive.org/details/HuntingWildLifeWithCameraAndFlashlight.Volume121935Copy

Slade, R. (2026, June 4). The outdoorsman who made wildlife photography a big deal for National Geographic. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/george-shiras-iii-wildlife-photography

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Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

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In 1944 the Allies needed to know exactly what the water would do on a coast called "Position Z." So a deaf mathematician and six young women in a basement near Liverpool calculated the future.  

In this episode

• Arthur Doodson: the deaf mathematician at the Liverpool Tidal Institute, the world's leading authority on tides, who guessed he was predicting a Normandy landing and said nothing
• Six women working as Computers: hired for their diligence, skill with numbers, and neat handwriting, they ran the harmonic analysis and operated the tide-predicting machines
• The tide predicting machines: the Bidston Kelvin machine and the Roberts Légé machine, analogue computers made of brass, gears, and pulleys.
• D-Day: The largest seaborne invasion in history 

Episode Music

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • House of Skies pt2
  • Are You Happy
  • Burnt Fields
  • Toska 

Additional Notes

For the group photo of the women who calculated the tides after the war, and for what didn’t make it into this episode, visit notes.foundinthemachine.com.

Special thank you to Angelina at the Bidston Observatory who responded to my inquiries as I looked for the women's names. Bidston Observatory has been converted into an artistic research centre and more information about it can be found here.  

Additional Reading

Bidston Lighthouse. (2017, March 8). Women in the workplace. http://www.bidstonlighthouse.org.uk/women-in-the-workplace/

Carlsson-Hyslop, A. E. (2010). An anatomy of storm surge science at Liverpool Tidal Institute 1919-1959: Forecasting, practices of calculation and patronage [Doctoral dissertation, University of Manchester]. NERC Open Research Archive. https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/14623/

Friends of Bidston Hill. (n.d.). Bidston Observatory. http://www.bidstonhill.org.uk/heritage/trail08/

Parker, B. B. (2011). The tide predictions for D-Day. Physics Today, 64(9), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.1257

Scoffield, J. (2016, November 9). My early life at Bidston Observatory. Bidston Observatory in Retrospect. http://www.bidstonobservatory.org.uk/early-life/

Woodworth, P. L. (2020). Tide prediction machines at the Liverpool Tidal Institute. History of Geo- and Space Sciences, 11(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-15-2020

Woodworth, P. L. (2015, December). Bidston Observatory and its tide prediction machines. Bidston Observatory in Retrospect. http://www.bidstonobservatory.org.uk/tide-prediction-machines/

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Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

If you enjoyed this episode, please consider leaving a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And don't forget to sign up to receive Notes from the Machine with each episode.

This is the story of how we learned to fake the most natural thing in the world. What it cost us. And the strange places we still go, even now, to steal a little of the real thing back. 

In this Episode

• Bernice Brown: the RAND statistician whose job was to hunt for a pattern inside a million digits and sign her name only when she could not find one
• The electronic roulette wheel: RAND's random number making machine and why its raw output drifted into bias
• Stanisław Ulam: the mathematician whose card game in a hospital bed became the Monte Carlo method, and the reason anyone needed randomness by the millions in the first place
• John von Neumann: the middle square method, and the resulting "state of sin" 

Episode Music

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0 
  • Warmth 

Sounds

• Computer History Museum 
  • Sounds of the 1960s: The IBM 1410  
• CuriousMarc 
  • 1964 IBM 029 keypunch card punching demonstration  

Additional Reading 

Brown, B. (1948). Some tests of the randomness of a million digits (Paper No. P-44). RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P44.pdf

Iowa State College Statistical Laboratory. (1935). Annual report of the statistical laboratory: July 1, 1933 to June 30, 1934. Iowa State College. https://isuu00001library102stg.blob.core.windows.net/digital-objects/statsannualreports/pdf/statsannualreports3414.pdf

Markoff, J. (1995, September 19). Security flaw is discovered in software used in shopping. The New York Times, p. A1. https://archive.ph/Hz0pX

Mercator, V. (2023, October 1). The middle squares method: The first PRNG. VM's Numbers Station. https://vm70.neocities.org/posts/2023-10-01-middle-squares/

RAND Corporation. (2001). A million random digits with 100,000 normal deviates (MR-1418-RC). https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1418.html

Summerscales, O. (2023, November 1). Hitting the jackpot: The birth of the Monte Carlo method. Actinide Research Quarterly. https://www.lanl.gov/media/publications/actinide-research-quarterly/1123-hitting-the-jackpot-the-birth-of-the-monte-carlo-method 

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Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

If you enjoyed this episode, please consider leaving a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And don't forget to sign up to receive Notes from the Machine with each episode.

A brutalist fortress in San Francisco serves as a vital artery for the American internet. In 2003, AT&T technician Mark Klein started noticing strange things on the sixth floor of that building. Strange things about Room 641A.

This is a story about the infrastructure we look past, government mass surveillance, and why the machine Mark discovered never actually turned off.

In this Episode

• Mark Klein: An AT&T technician and NSA whistleblower whose sworn declaration exposed the US government's warrantless domestic surveillance program
• Fiber Tapping: The simple physics behind fiber optic splitting and how it's used to duplicate internet traffic without leaving a trace
• Hepting v. AT&T: The class action lawsuit built on Klein's evidence, and how retroactive immunity dismantled it

Episode Music

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • Hopeless Lithromantic
  • Our Time is Short
  • Throne of the Soul
  • Girl in the Moon

Archival Audio

• FRONTLINE. (2008, May 19). Room 641a [Video]. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-room-641a/
• Bush, G.W. (2005, December 17). President's radio address [Video]. The White House. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051217.html

Additional Reading

Cohn, C. (2026, April 30). The whistleblower who uncovered the NSA's "big brother machine." The MIT Press Reader. https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-whistleblower-who-uncovered-the-nsas-big-brother-machine/

Electronic Frontier Foundation. (2014, August 9). How the NSA's domestic spying program works. https://www.eff.org/nsa-spying/how-it-works

FISA Amendments Act of 2008: Congress grants telecommunications companies retroactive immunity from civil suits for complying with NSA terrorist surveillance program. (2009). Harvard Law Review, 122(4), 1271–1278. https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-122/congress-grants-telecommunications-companies-retroactive-immunity-from-civil-suits-for-complying-with-nsa-terrorist-surveillance-program-ae-fisa-amendments-act-of-2008-pub-l-no-110-261/

Harris, B. (2025, June 12). What is inside Room 641A. Covert Access Team. https://covertaccessteam.substack.com/p/what-is-inside-room-641a

Klein, M. (2007). Public unredacted Klein declaration [Legal declaration]. Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://www.eff.org/document/public-unredacted-klein-declaration

Klein, M. (2009). Wiring up the big brother machine... and fighting it. BookSurge Publishing. (Bookshop.org affiliate link)

Marcus, J. S. (2006). Declaration of J. Scott Marcus in support of plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction [Court filing]. Hepting v. AT&T Corp., No. C-06-0672-JCS (N.D. Cal.). Electronic Frontier Foundation. http://www.eff.org/legal/cases/att/SER_marcus_decl.pdf

McDaniel, E. (2026, June 12). A key U.S. spy tool has lapsed — now what? NPR. https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5856291/fisa-702-surveillance-expiration-bill-pulte

New, W. (2003, September 25). Congress funds Defense, kills Terrorism Information Awareness. Government Executive. https://www.govexec.com/defense/2003/09/congress-funds-defense-kills-terrorism-information-awareness/15051/

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Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

If you enjoyed this episode, please consider leaving a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And don't forget to sign up to receive Notes from the Machine with each episode.

Sheet music has always been an invisible treaty. A shared language that belongs to everyone and no one. But fifty years ago, as musicians began shaping sound out of raw electricity, that treaty fell apart.

In this episode

• The Broken Treaty: Why early synthesizers from different manufacturers couldn't talk to each other, and the resulting landscape of incompatible voltages.
• The Unlikely Alliance: How Dave Smith in the US (Sequential Circuits) and Ikutaro Kakehashi in Japan (Roland) looked past corporate rivalry to build a universal standard.
• The Birth of MIDI: How microscopic 1981 microprocessors forced engineers to shrink the musical universe into elegant, lightweight digital sentences.
• Juan Atkins: the Detroit musician whose work sparked the global rise of techno music.

Episode Music

• Jay Sebastian Bach
  • Prelude No. 1 in C major
• James Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • Bright Lights of Summer 
  • Our Ships Line the Ocean Floor
  • Disconnected
• Alfonse
  • Korg MS 10
• Donghyuk Heo
  • Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 1 in C major, BWV 846, on Modular Synthesizer

Additional Reading

Billias, A. (2024, December 21). MIDI history chapter 6: MIDI begins 1981-1983. The MIDI Association. https://midi.org/midi-history-chapter-6-midi-begins-1981-1983

Doyle, T. (2024, November). Classic tracks: Model 500 'No UFOs'. Sound on Sound. https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/classic-tracks-model-500-no-ufos

Stewart, D. (2014, December 3). Technical Grammy Award: Ikutaro Kakehashi and Dave Smith. Recording Academy. https://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith/

MIDI Manufacturers Association. (1996, February). MIDI 1.0 detailed specification (Version 4.2.1). https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ewRrvMEFRPlKon6nfSCxqnTMEu70sz0c/view

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Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

If you enjoyed this episode, please consider leaving a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And don't forget to sign up to receive Notes from the Machine with each episode.

In 1916, a tired chemist in a Berlin laboratory accidentally dipped his fountain pen into a pool of molten tin and pulled out the foundation of the digital world. He had no idea what he had done. 

In this episode

• Jan Czochralski: The Polish chemist whose mistake became the method used to grow nearly every silicon crystal wafer on Earth. 
• The occupation of Poland: The violent suppression of the Polish people by the Nazis and the Soviet Union (and what Jan Czochralski did during that time).
• Industrial alchemy: The complex, global journey required to turn stones into the microchips inside our devices.
• Extreme Ultraviolet Light lithography: The staggeringly precise process we use to paint microscopic circuits onto silicon canvases.

Episode Music

• Jay Opie / Nihilore, CC BY 4.0
  • Liberosis
  • Saved by a Simple Little Thing
  • Atomic Fire Light
  • Cathedral
  • This is Enough

Archival Audio

• Imperial War Museums
  • First World War Battle Sounds, Sound: IWM (21819)

Additional Reading

ASML. (2026). EUV lithography systems. https://www.asml.com/en/products/euv-lithography-systems

Branch Education. (2025, August 30). The $200M machine that prints microchips: The EUV photolithography system [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2482h_TNwg

Copley, M. (2024, September 30). A tiny town just got slammed by Helene. It could massively disrupt the tech industry. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2024/09/30/nx-s1-5133462/hurricane-helene-quartz-microchips-solar-panels-spruce-pine

Institute of National Remembrance. (2026). Jan Czochralski. Giants of Science. https://gigancinauki.pl/ge/biographies/8248,Jan-Czochralski.html

Kępa, M. (2017, August). Nazi collaborator or resistance fighter? The extraordinary story behind the man at the core of the digital revolution. Culture.pl. https://culture.pl/en/article/nazi-collaborator-or-resistance-fighter-the-extraordinary-story-behind-the-man-at-the-core-of-the

PV Education. (2024). Refining silicon. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/manufacturing-si-cells/refining-silicon

Sokolowski, G. (2023, July 17). Polish chemist creates the foundation for the semiconductor industry. PASI EDU. https://pasi-edu.org/polish-chemist-creates-the-foundation-for-the-semiconductor-industry/

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Support the show

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This show is independently produced. You can support the show by joining the show's Patreon. Patreon members get access to "Found in the Margins" bonus episodes and help make the show possible. You can also donate via Buy Me a Coffee.

If you enjoyed this episode, please consider leaving a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. And don't forget to sign up to receive Notes from the Machine with each episode.