The Last Theory

From clockwork to computation in Wolfram Physics with Jonathan Gorard


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This is the second of a series of excerpts from my recent conversation with Jonathan Gorard, who was instrumental in the founding of The Wolfram Physics Project.

I asked Jonathan why he found the computational approach to physics so compelling.

In his answer, he broached a wide range of fascinating topics in the philosophy of science:

  • how we moved from a clockwork paradigm in the age of clockwork to a computational paradigm in the age of computation;
  • how saying that the universe is computational is different from saying that the universe is a computer;
  • how our adoption of mathematics as the basis for physics has biased us to think of space-time as continuous;
  • how the history of science might have been different had Turing been born before Newton;
  • how the Wolfram Model can be thought of as a way of building a constructivist foundation for physics.

This led us to discuss a couple of the deeper questions of Wolfram Physics:

  • is it possible to know whether the universe is continuous or discrete?
  • does the hypergraph really exist?


Jonathan Gorard

  • Jonathan Gorard at The Wolfram Physics Project
  • Jonathan Gorard at Cardiff University
  • Jonathan Gorard on Twitter


  • The Centre for Applied Compositionality
  • The Wolfram Physics Project

People and Concepts mentioned by Jonathan

  • Isaac Newton
  • René Descartes


  • Democritus
  • John Locke
  • Bishop Berkeley


  • Corpuscularianism
  • Atomism


  • Alan Turing


  • Turing machines
  • Lambda calculus
  • Recursively Enumerable Functions


  • Constructivism


  • L. E. J. Brouwer
  • David Hilbert


  • Intuitionism


I release The Last Theory as a video too! Watch here.

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The Last TheoryBy Mark Jeffery