# Galileo Galilei Born: February 15, 1564
On February 15, 1564, one of history's most brilliant and controversial minds entered the world in Pisa, Italy. Galileo Galilei would grow up to become the man who quite literally changed how humanity views the universe—and nearly got himself killed for it.
Born to Vincenzo Galilei, a musician and music theorist, young Galileo initially seemed destined for a career in medicine. His father enrolled him at the University of Pisa to study medicine in 1580, but Galileo had other ideas. He became absolutely captivated by mathematics and physics, much to his father's chagrin. Legend has it that while attending a boring church service at the Cathedral of Pisa, he noticed a chandelier swinging overhead and timed it using his pulse, discovering the principle of the pendulum's isochronism. Whether true or embellished, it perfectly captures his gift for finding physics in everyday life.
But what really made Galileo famous—and infamous—was his love affair with the telescope. In 1609, hearing about the Dutch invention of the spyglass, he built his own improved version and turned it skyward. What he saw shook the foundations of accepted truth: mountains on the Moon (which was supposed to be a perfect sphere), four moons orbiting Jupiter (proving not everything orbited Earth), and phases of Venus that could only be explained if planets orbited the Sun.
This is where things got spicy. Galileo became an enthusiastic supporter of Copernicus's heliocentric model—the idea that Earth orbits the Sun, not the other way around. The Catholic Church was NOT having it. They'd built centuries of theology on Earth being the center of God's creation. Galileo's observations and his very public advocacy threatened that worldview.
In 1633, the Roman Inquisition put the 69-year-old scientist on trial for heresy. Under threat of torture, Galileo was forced to recant his support for heliocentrism and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. Legend says that after officially denying that Earth moves, he muttered under his breath, "Eppur si muove" ("And yet it moves"). Though historians doubt he actually said this, it's too perfect not to be part of his legend.
Even under house arrest, Galileo continued working, writing his final masterpiece on physics and motion while going blind—possibly from all those years staring at the Sun through his telescope. He died in 1642, the same year Isaac Newton was born, as if the universe was passing the torch of scientific revolution.
The Catholic Church eventually admitted their mistake... in 1992. Yes, it took them 359 years to officially acknowledge that maybe, just maybe, they shouldn't have tried to prosecute a man for observing reality.
Today, Galileo is remembered as the "father of modern observational astronomy," the "father of modern physics," and simply as the man who taught humanity to trust observation and mathematics over ancient authority. Not bad for a college dropout who was supposed to be a doctor!
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