These pivotal chapters contrast God's covenant faithfulness with human attempts to fulfill His promises. The Hebrew "karat berit" (cut a covenant) describes the solemn ceremony guaranteeing God's promises. Chapter 15's covenant ceremony points to Christ's death, with God alone passing between the pieces. Hagar's story shows the consequences of trying to force God's timing, while revealing His compassion for the outcast. Paul uses these chapters to contrast law and grace (Galatians 4). Applications include trusting God's timing and methods rather than human solutions.

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