Sonification is the process of translating data into sound and music. In this musical data sonification of lunar knowledge and exploration, we can hear the progress made throughout the Apollo program to now as our understanding of the Moon expands. Listen to the percussion, which signals launches and the passage of time; the pitch of the string and brass instruments conveys the amount of scientific activity associated with the Moon over time.

Here’s a breakdown of the individual instruments:

Pitch of the string and brass = scientific activity

Percussion instruments = passage of time

Clock ticking = months

Snare drum = years

Bass drum = decades

Cymbals = launches

Credit: SYSTEM Sounds, Matt Russo and Andrew Santaguida; Data compiled by NASA using Google Scholar. Each year's data represents the number of articles, citations and patents dated in that year and returned by Google Scholar when applying a certain set of keywords.