Health differences between women and men arise from both biological factors and socially constructed gender norms. This chapter explores how sex-based physiology intersects with gendered expectations, labour roles, risk behaviours, violence exposure, and health-seeking patterns.

We examine reproductive health, maternal mortality, occupational risks, mental health, substance use, cardiovascular disease patterns, and longevity differences. Gendered access to education, income, and political power are analysed as structural determinants influencing health inequalities.

The chapter emphasises that improving health equity requires recognising both biological differences and social determinants rooted in gender norms. Public health policy must move beyond neutrality and actively address inequity embedded in systems.

Health is not experienced in isolation from identity; it is shaped by the interplay of biology and social structure.

Key Takeaways

* Biological sex influences disease susceptibility, physiology, and life expectancy.

* Gender norms shape risk exposure, health behaviours, and access to services.

* Women face unique reproductive and caregiving burdens, often linked to structural inequities.

* Men experience higher mortality from injuries, violence, and risk-taking behaviours.

* Gender-based violence remains a major global health concern.

* Health systems must integrate gender-sensitive approaches into policy and service delivery.

* Advancing gender equity improves population health outcomes broadly.

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