Population ageing is one of the most profound demographic transformations of the 21st century. Increased life expectancy, declining fertility, and improved survival from infectious diseases have expanded the proportion of older people in many societies.

This chapter examines longevity trends, compression of morbidity, chronic disease burden, dementia, musculoskeletal disorders, disability, and social isolation. It considers economic implications, pension systems, caregiving pressures, elder abuse, and health service adaptation.

Ageing is framed not as decline alone, but as transition - a stage shaped by policy, environment, and community structure. Healthy ageing requires attention to prevention, independence, social participation, and dignity.

Public health must adapt to demographic transition, designing systems that sustain autonomy while protecting vulnerability.

Key Takeaways

* Global life expectancy has increased significantly.

* Ageing populations alter dependency ratios and health system demand.

* Chronic disease and disability prevalence rise with age.

* Social isolation and elder abuse pose major risks.

* Health systems must integrate long-term care and community support.

* Healthy ageing emphasises independence, participation, and dignity.

* Prevention across the life course influences later-life outcomes.

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