In this episode of vpod.ai, we take a clear-eyed look at one of the most debated U.S. immigration programs: the H-1B visa for specialty occupations. Stripping away political heat, we focus on how it actually works, its role in the 1990s–2000s tech boom, and the economic trade-offs it created.

Here’s what we cover:

• 📄 How the program works: From labor condition applications (LCAs) to wage rules, employer petitions, timelines, and family eligibility.
• ⏳ The six-year limit & green card path: Why workers face long waits and how the backlog creates unique vulnerabilities.
• 🔢 The lottery & caps: Why demand dwarfs supply—and how numbers surged to 195,000 during the dot-com years.
• 💻 Shift to tech: By 1999, nearly two-thirds of H-1Bs were in computer jobs, reshaping U.S. innovation pipelines.
• 📊 Economic winners and losers:
  • U.S. computer scientists faced 6–11% lower employment and 2.6–5.1% lower wages.
  • Non-college workers gained small wage boosts.
  • Consumers enjoyed cheaper tech.
  • IT companies saw profits soar—up to 62% higher by 2001.
• ⚠️ Criticisms & vulnerabilities:
  • Wage suppression and underpayment concerns.
  • Outsourcing and “knowledge transfer” strategies.
  • High fraud rates and lottery gaming.
  • PERM green card delays tying workers to employers for years.

The big picture? The H-1B program helped fuel U.S. tech growth and innovation, but at a concentrated cost to American workers in the same fields. It’s a story of broad consumer benefits versus direct competition for jobs and wages.

🎧 Tune in to explore the history, economics, and sharp policy dilemmas behind the H-1B visa—and consider the final question: Is the trade-off worth it?