While the initial step in managing sleep disorders involves ruling out 2ndary causes, in most cases (including the primary sleep disorders) the first intervention includes sleep hygiene and behavioral modifications; it is crucial to know when CBT-Insomnia is the recommended initial intervention and when pharmacotherapy is indicated and what type of medications are used for each subtype of primary sleep disorders. We finish with discussing choice of pharmacotherapy in different sleep disorders while discussing first line treatment for cases of special population and comorbidities with sleep disorder (including pregnant patient, those with dementia, etc).