After summarizing the history in part 1, this episode focuses on how the concept of jihad was transformed in the modern world. We examine the major thinkers of the time period and how they defined jihad according to their historical experiences. We discuss Emir Abdulkadir in Algeria and his use of jihad against the French colonizers. We explore the thinking of Jamal ad-Din Al Afghani and his formation of a sort of Islamic nationalism. Then we look at how the ideas of a political Islam are fused with new interpretations of jihad by Abul A'la Maududi and Sayyid Qutb. This episode digs deep into the intellectual history behind jihad and provides the foundation to then explore whether or not the jihad mainstream Islam is related to the jihad espoused in the terrorism of Al Qaeda or ISIS.