With the arrival of Ramadan, faithful Muslims around the world partake in fasting and prayer. In this episode of Head on History we discuss the origins of the practice. We start with the Qur'anic and theological explanation for Ramadan and then work towards historicizing the practice within the context of the Hijra and the religious climate of Arabia. We then discuss the major religious practices associated with Ramadan from fasting to prayer and alms-giving. We cover some of the cultural practices associated with Ramadan as Islam spread and incorporated different traditions. Finally we discuss the seemingly eternal debate over moon-sighting and the beginning and end of Ramadan.